Aspergillus is a very large genus containing about 250 species, which are currently classified into seven subgenera that are in turn subdivided into several sections comprised of related species raper and fennell 1965, gams et al. Their role in the economy of nature has not been fully investigated. Sartorya fumigata culture and morphological characteristics. Jan 01, 2005 microscopic methods, such as wet mounts, gram stains, and conventional histopathology, provide clues that suggest the presence of aspergillus spp. Around 20 species have so far been reported as causative agents of opportunistic infections in man. Its natural ecological niche is the soil, wherein it survives and grows on organic debris.
Pdf cell wall structure and biogenesis in aspergillus species. Species of the genus aspergillus section nigri or the. Basically, conidia and conidial head structure are the most important morphological features that used by mycologists to identify and classify aspergillus species into genera or distinguish closely related species. The morphology of the conidiophore, the structure that bears asexual spores, is the most important taxonomic character used in aspergillus taxonomy. These species and varietes are isolated from soil, grape and sultana raisins from vineyards in manisa and zmir provinces turkey. Aspergillus ostianus is a species of fungus in the genus aspergillus. Aspergillus species are frequent causes of invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients.
Pdf aspergillus is a large genus of anamorphic fungi. Aspergillus species on stored products wallingford. Morphological variability was detected among isolates in regard to colony morphology. Among these, aspergillus fumigatus is the most commonly isolated species, followed by aspergillus flavus and aspergillus niger. In a flowthrough cell, the growth of submerged hyphal elements was studied online, making it possible to examine the growth kinetics. Several investigators have attempted to use the analysis of isoenzyme patterns as a taxonomic tool 369, 400, 543, 554.
The current literature highlights two main features concerning these cryptic aspergillus species. Of the aspergillus species, aspergillus niger infects humans the third most often. Morphological changes of conidiogenesis in two aspergillus. Viewing the fungi under a microscope, micheli was reminded of the shape of an aspergillum holy water sprinkler, from latin spargere to sprinkle, and named. By comparing sequence data from genbank, we designed specific primer pairs targeting rdna internal transcribed spacer its regions of a. Photographs of the colonies and cells morphology of aspergillus in pda medium a fter 7 days showed similar morphologi c. Identification of common aspergillus species, 1 st edition, 2002. However, most of the studies have focused on aspergillus fumigatus, the most prevalent species in the genus. Their novel taxonomic status was determined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach with phenotypic morphology and extrolite profiles and molecular. Other microscopic structures include sclerotia, cleistothecia, aleuriconidia, and hulle cells.
Two novel aflatoxinproducing aspergillus species from. The following are some of the morphological characteristics of aspergillus fumigatus. Aspergillus, genus of fungi in the order eurotiales phylum ascomycota, kingdom fungi that exists as asexual forms or anamorphs and is pathogenic diseasecausing in humans. The most common causative agent of aspergillosis is a. Polyphasic taxonomy has had a major impact on the species concept of the genus aspergillus. Pdf identification of aspergillus species using morphological. Misidentification of aspergillus nomius and aspergillus. Aspergillus causes rot of figs and dates, decay of tobacco and cigars. Aspergillus fungi definition, characteristics, types and morphology. Traditionally, clinical microbiology laboratories have relied heavily on morphology.
Colony characters used for characterising species include colony growth rates, texture, degree of sporulation, production of sclerotia or cleistothecia, colours of mycelia, sporulation, soluble pigments, exudates, colony reverses, sclerotia, hullecells and cleistothecia. The composition of the media used in the cultivation of the fungi is given in appendix 1. Module morphology and general properties of fungi microbiology 444 notes fig. A detailed analysis of morphology, rflp patterns and metabolite profiles was carried out. Fifteen species are provisionally accepted in aspergillus section nigri, four of these produce ochratoxin a. The fungi herein appeared to the first record of aspergillus species from larkana including. Aspergillus nomius and aspergillus tamarii are aspergillus species that phenotypically resemble aspergillus flavus. Characterization of aspergillus species associated with. Aspergillus is a very large genus containing about 250 species. The respiratory system is the normal portal of entry. In this article we will discuss about the economic importance of aspergillus. Sequencebased identification of aspergillus, fusarium. Section nidulantes is one of the largest subgenera of the genus aspergillus, and includes about 80 species. Another characteristic of this species is the color of the conidia which is yellow.
Aspergillus niger an overview sciencedirect topics. The major macroscopic features remarkable in species identification are the growth rate, color of the colony, and thermotolerance 462, 1295, 2144. Agar mea were used for the identification of aspergillus species using macroscopic. New ochratoxin a or sclerotium producing species in. Aspergillus fungi definition, characteristics, types and. Photographs of the colonies and cells morphology of aspergillus in pda.
It contains 12,074 genes, and is 79mb longer or 2530% larger than other members of the aspergillus genus, namely the species a. Colonial and morphological characteristics of some. Ochratoxin a producing species of section nigri occurring on grapes, raisins and in wine include a. While aspergillus nidulans and aspergillus glaucus grow slowly and reach a colony size of 0. The organism is characterized by green echinulate conidia, 2. This species can be defined by its ability to produce aflatoxins. Most infections are caused by aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus. Pdf this chapter presents aspects involving fungi of the genus aspergillus in agroecology.
Sclerotial species of aspergillus with no known sexual stage aspergillus niger aspergillus ochraceus aspergillus flavus population genetic evidence for recombination exists geiser et al. Aspergillus niger is the most abundant species of aspergillus in nature as it can grow on a large variety of substances. Morphological identification of aspergillus species from the soil of larkana district sindh, pakistan. Aspergillus giganteus is a species of fungus in the genus aspergillus from latin aspergillum, meaning holy water sprinkler that grows as a mold. Aspergillus niger can even grow in environments with very little nutrients available. The need for a better taxonomic definition of the species a. About 40 of the 250 species of aspergillus have been reported as human pathogens but the majority of cases are associated with just one species. A large number of species have been found in the soil. This is the first report of aspergillus species from larkana district. This study was undertaken to determine isolation of aspergillus species from sputum samples. Vesicle is the typical formation for the genus aspergillus. The morphology and color of the conidiophore vary from one species to another. Aspergillus, which is a ubiquitous fungus, rarely causes esophagitis.
In the last decade, a number of case reports have identified a. Taxonomic revision of aspergillus section clavati based on. Several species have been reported as medical pathogens principally aspergillus nidulans, but also a. In this article we will discuss about the life cycle of aspergillus with the help of suitable diagrams. Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common species that causes invasive aspergillosis. A strain from the group of black aspergilli was analysed in detail to determine the species to which it belongs. Many species are able to cause deterioration of food although. Aspergillus species belong to a genus that is comprised of several hundred species of medical, environmental, and commercial importance. Identification key for aspergillus species isolated from maize and. Apr 01, 2011 for instance, aspergillus section fumigati, previously identified as a. About 33 species of this genus have been reported from india mostly from the soil.
While acquired resistance is an emerging problem in a. A phylogenetic analysis of greek isolates of aspergillus species based on morphology and nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences antonioskrimitzas, 1 ioannapyrri, 2 vassilin. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Morphological and molecular diversity of aspergillus from corn. Standard method performance requirements for detection. The conidiophores originate from the basal foot cell located on the supporting hyphae and terminate in a vesicle at the apex. Colonial and morphological characteristics of some aspergillus fr. In this study, using an internal transcribed spacer.
Some species can cause infection in humans and other animals. Considered once to be one species based on morphologic typing, this species has recently been discovered to contain numerous different species based on. Advances in penicillium and aspergillus systematics new york. Although this species is not the most prevalent fungus in the world, it is one of the most ubiquitous of those with airborne conidia 443, 444, 466. Aspergillus commonly known as black mold is represented by about 100 species raper and fennell, 1965 which are widely distributed from arctic to tropical regions. New sibling species have been described that exhibit in vitro susceptibility profiles that differ significantly from that of aspergillus fumigatus. Metabolic engineering of the morphology of aspergillus. A phylogenetic analysis of greek isolates of aspergillus. Biochemical and molecular characterizations used in species determination. Aspergillus species intrinsically resistant to antifungal. In certain locales and hospitals, aspergillus flavus is more common in air than a.
Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprophytic fungus that plays an essential role in recycling environmental carbon and nitrogen 235, 506, 676. In addition, a phylogenetic tree was constructed for the black aspergilli using the its and the. It was first described in 1901 by wehmer, and is one of six aspergillus species from the clavati section of the subgenus fumigati. Any proposed new species should show evidence for evolutionary divergence from other taxa, particularly unique dna characters at multiple loci and the polyphasic approach was suggested as the gold standard for species delimitation using a. Aspergillus fumigatus types, symptoms, treatment everyday. A laboratory guide to common aspergillus species and their teleomorphs north ryde, australia. Aspergillus is the name used for a genus of molds that reproduce only by asexual means. Identification key for aspergillus species isolated from. Aspergillus commonly colonizes immunocompromised patients 3335 but can invade tissues and disseminate via the bloodstream, posing a lifethreatening. Although genetic approach have been interpreted in fungal taxonomy, phenotypic concepts are still necessary hyde, abdelsalam. Identification of aspergillus fumigatus and related species.
Laboratory detection and identification of aspergillus. The identification of fungal species and determination of their significance in the clinical laboratory are complex practices that help establish or exclude a fungal cause of disease. Identification of aspergillus species using morphological characteristic and the effect of temperature on the protease activity indratiningsih1, endang wahyuni1, ambar pertiwiningrum1, and shanti asri suwarti1 1dept. Some infections found in animals have been studied for years, while other species found in animals have been described as new and specific to the investigated disease, and others have been known as names already in use for organisms such as saprophytes. Blankophor or calcofluor mixed with 10%20% potassium hydroxide koh, stains fungal cell walls and improves detection of fungi. Selective media were used in theisolation of aspergillus species from soil and maize kernel samples. Aspergillus plural aspergilli is a genus of fungi that consists of about 300 identified species of mold mould. It is well developed and made up of a loosely interwoven mass of hyaline, bright or pale coloured, extensively branched, septate hyphae. Their taxonomic status was determined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach with phenotypic morphology and extrolite profiles and molecular. Root morphology and gene expression analysis in response to drought stress in maize. Often confused with the closely related species, a. Aspergillus parasiticus is a fungus belonging to the genus aspergillus. Two novel species of aspergillus section nigri from thai. Species of aspergillus grow as contaminant in the laboratory cultures as their spores conidia are present in the air.
Pdf morphological identification of aspergillus species from the. Polyphasic taxonomy, tubulin gene, aspergillus spp morphology. The species were identified on the basis of morphology which comprises both macroscopic and microscopic characters. Colonies of aspergillus were sub cultured onto aspergillus. California also requires testing for aspergillus flavus, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus niger, and aspergillus terreus. Aspergillus species identification in the clinical setting. Review laboratory diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Identification of aspergillus species using morphological.
Food and drug administration, it is widely used in the industrial production of citric acid and a variety of industrial enzymes such as amylases, pectinases, and proteases godfrey and west 1996. Asm survey documented that 89% of laboratories performing mycological examinations morphology based. Cell wall structure and biogenesis in aspergillus species article pdf available in bioscience biotechnology and biochemistry 809. These species and varietes are isolated from soil, grape and sultana raisins from vineyards in manisa and uzmir provinces turkey. The conidiophores originate from the basal foot cell located on the supporting hyphae. Typas 1 department of genetics and biotechnology, faculty of biology, national and kapodistrian university of athens. Two novel species from aspergillus section flavi from different species of arachis peanuts in argentina are described as aspergillus arachidicola sp. Aspergillus secondary metabolite database, a resource to. Aspergillus infections have grown in importance in the last years. Sartorya fumigataculture and morphological characteristics.
Aspergillus clavatus, aspergillus glaucus group, aspergillus nidulans. Two novel species of aspergillus section nigri from thai coffee beans are described as aspergillus aculeatinus sp. Aspergillosis is a large spectrum of fungal diseases, which primarily affect the lungs and are caused by members of the genus aspergillus. Aspergillus versicolor an overview sciencedirect topics. Species of aspergillus are important medically and commercially.
Feb 28, 2009 the various species concepts with emphasis on those which can be applied to aspergillus and its teleomorphs are discussed. Research article a phylogenetic analysis of greek isolates of. Phylogeny, identification and nomenclature of the genus. The use of multilocus dna sequence analysis has led to the description of previously unknown cryptic aspergillus species, whereas classical morphology based identification of aspergillus remains limited to the section or species complex level. Morphology forms an important part of the species concept of aspergillus. The traditional taxonomic system solely using morphology approach resulted. It is also necessary to correctly identify the aspergillus species to employ. Aspergillus section clavati has been revised using morphology, secondary metabolites, physiological characters and dna sequences. Microscopic examination reveals a spore bearing structure conidiophore, having aspergillumlike morphology. New york regulations also list aspergillus species as a required analyte that labs must test for.
Morphological identification of aspergillus species from the soil of larkana district sindh, pakistan article pdf available january 20 with 5,834 reads how we measure reads. The various species concepts with emphasis on those which can be applied to aspergillus and its teleomorphs are discussed. Aspergillus can be found in a variety of environments throughout the world given that there growth is largely determined by availability of water. Any proposed new species should show evidence for evolutionary divergence from other taxa, particularly unique dna characters at multiple loci and the polyphasic approach was suggested as the gold standard for species.
Aspergillus species from the soil in a 7 ml sterile polystyrene tube, 1 g of soil was suspended in 3 ml sterile of 0. Pdf morphological identification of aspergillus species. Isolates aspergillus a, b, c are from dairy waste with a magnification of 40. Colony morphology surface at first white than any shade of yellow, green, brown or black depending on species texture velvety and cottony reverse is white, golden or brown. Rate of growth usually rapid mature within 3 days some species are slower growing 3. Pathogenic species in aspergillus section fumigati and species delimitation based on polyphasic taxonomy. Aspergillus fumigatus shown to the right is also a pathogenic fungus within the genus.